A structured cabling system is a complete system of cabling and associated hardware, which provides a comprehensive telecommunications infrastructure. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NRE6O_mvFus.

Based on the ANSI/TIA Standard 862-A, Structured Cabling System includes horizontal cabling, vertical cabling, backbone cabling, equipment room, entrance facility, work area, telecommunication room, and telecommunication enclosure. 

Building Automation Systems Cabling Standard for Commercial Buildings. This standard covers horizontal cabling, vertical cabling, backbone cabling, equipment room, entrance facility, work area, telecommunication room, and telecommunication enclosure. 

Infrared cables, IR extension cable can help deliver the infrared signal directly to your devices, even when they’re closed away in cabinets.

Shielded Twisted-Pair Cable, it is not common in structured cabling of smart buildings as it is labor intensive compared to UTP

Unshielded Twisted-Pair Cables, more common than STP. the common Ethernet cabling solution. It can be solid UTP or Stranded UTP.

Stranded UTP Category cables have multiple strands (typically 7 strands per conductor) of insulated bare copper conductors. These cables are typically used for patch cords/cables connecting workstations; from wallplate outlet to patch panel; and from patch panels to individual workstations. Because these cables are more flexible than solid conductors, they are excellent for portable uses and applications where repeated flexing is common.

Solid UTP Category cables have solid insulated bare copper conductors. These cables are used in permanent and semi-permanent installations. They are designed for longer distance horizontal and backbone cable runs, PoE (power over Ethernet), and HD applications. Solid Category cables should not be over-flexed, bent, or twisted beyond the cable recommended specifications. All Cat5e and Cat6 solid UTP cables are designated with minimum bend radius for performance standards. Proper cable installation is essential in order to maximize the performance of the cable.

Power Over Ethernet

The Telecommunications Closet (TC) or Intermediate Distribution Facility (IDF) designed/sized to serve the floor on which it is located, and the floors above and below, based on the assessment results. This closet is to be centrally located so as to ensure that all copper voice and data cable sheath lengths out to the outlets are less than 90 m (295 ft). In larger buildings, several IDFs per floor may be required to adhere to this maximum cable length requirement. The overall design shall minimize the total number of closets while staying within the 90 m (295 ft) requirement. Closets shall be located such that vertical cable installations are limited to three floors either above or below.

This is where horizontal cabling starts, and it is where to local a patch panel or cross-connects.

There may be an unlimited number of closets containing the telecommunication equipment used for facilitating horizontal wiring connections. The layout can include several closets per floor, if necessary.

Also known as Cabling Subsystem 1.

The horizontal cabling system extends from the work area’s telecommunication outlet to the telecommunication room or telecommunications enclosure. It includes horizontal cable, mechanical terminations, jumpers and patch cords located in the TR or TE and may incorporate multiuser telecommunications outlet assemblies (MUTOAs) and consolidation points (CPs). The maximum horizontal cable length shall be 90 m (295 ft.), independent of media type. If a MUTOA is deployed, the maximum horizontal balanced twisted-pair copper cablelength shall be reduced.

used to connect entrance facility,equipment room,and telecommunication enclosure.

Backbone wiring provides interconnection between the equipment rooms and telecommunication closets throughout the facility. When UTP cabling is used, the backbone cabling length is restricted to a maximum distance of 90 meters.

The Telecommunications entrance facility (AKA Main Distribution Frame, MDF) is the site of the building’s telecommunication service entrance and backbone connections, as well as the demarcation point that provides the interconnection to the local exchange carrier’s telecommunication closets. The TIA/EIA 568 standard suggests, but does not stipulate, that the demarcation point should be 12 inches from where the local exchange carrier’s facilities enter the building.

This location shall be designed/sized to serve the entire building based user needs. This closet is to be centrally located so as to ensure that all copper voice and data cable sheath lengths out to the outlets are less than 90 m (295 ft). This closet shall interconnect with each Telecommunications Closet (TC) or Intermediate Distribution Facility (IDF) via distinct, dedicated multimode and single-mode fiber optic backbone cables, 25 pair twisted pair CAT 5 data risers and 100 pair twisted pair voice riser cables. In smaller buildings, where only one telecommunications closet is required, the MDF will also function as the IDF.

Euipment rooms/main cross-connects: The standard calls for the establishment of an equipment room to serve as the termination point for the backbone cabling connected to the telecommunication closets. In a multi-building setting, the equipment room can serve as the cross-connection point for the entire facility.

They are usually in a work area. They connect station equipment, like computers, telephones, machines, ...

Transition point used to split a horizontal cabling into multiple cables.

Local Area Network

IP address was defined as a 32-bit (or binary numbers, 1s and 0s) number, a scheme referred to as Internet Protocol Version 4.

Network address translation

Heating, Ventilation and Air Condtioning

Photovoltaic, refers to the phenomenon in which light is converted into electric power

 Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing

direct digital controller may support multiple applications, specific device networks,or a particular equipment component,such as an air handling unit. Usually has onboard memory, an operating system and a database.

Relay panels are typically counted next to the electrical circuit breaker panels.

Relay panels provide line voltage control of the lighting loads; they allos for a single circuit to feed into several relays and for multiple circuit breaker panels to feed into a single relay panel.

occupancy or motion sensors are devices that sense the presence or absence of people within their monitoring range

PIR sensors detect radiation, that is, the heat energy that is released by bodies. They are labeled "passive" because they only accept infrared radiation and do not emit anything

Ultrasonic sensors emit high-frequency sound waves and sense the frequency of the reflected waves as they return to the device

combinations of PIR and ultrasound technologies, or combination of PIR and audible technologies. offer the most effective occupancy detection and have maximum sensitivity without triggering false detections.

Photoelectric controls are designed to strategically use daylight to reduce the need for artificial lighting, a process called " daylight harvesting"

an electrical ballast is a device that limits the amount of current in an electric circuit.

magnetic ballasts use electromagnetic induction to create the voltages used to start and operate fluorescent lights.

Electronic ballasts use solid-state circuitry, rather than magnetic coils, to control voltage to the lamp, making them more energy efficient.

Rapid-start ballasts start lamps by simultaneously providing voltage to the electrodes and across the lamp itself.

programmed-start ballasts are more advanced versions of rapid-start ballasts. They have preprogrammed start-up sequences designed to give superior longevity to lamps. They first apply voltage to the electrodes to heat them up for a short interval, then apply voltage to the lamps. This helps avoid a common problem in fluorescent lights called "tube blackening' which occurs when the electrodes are damaged from voltages without sufficient heating.

Instant-start ballasts start lamps by providing high voltage directly to the lamps without preheating the electrodes at all.

fire tube boilers transfer heat from combustion gases to the water using a series of straight tubes surrounded by water. The hot gases flow throught the tubes and transfer heat to the surrounding water

Water tube boilers are composed of tubes housing flowing water surrounded by combustion gases that transfer heat to the water in the tubes.

A refrigerant in vapor form is initially compressed in a compressor, reducing its volume and increasing its temperature.

chiller condensers remove heat from the system via cooling air,cooling water, and evaporation.

Air-cooled systems are typically found in residential homes and commercial buildings. The air-cooled condenser is comprised of coils that house the flowing refrigerant and maximize convective surface are, and a forced air source that uses convection to extract heat from the refrigerant and remove it from the system altogether.

water is used to extract heat. usually used for buildings that require large cooling loads, and typically have higher efficiencies than air-cooled systems.

annunciator panel is attached to the fire alarm control panel. THe annunciator provides visual and audible indications that an alarm has bbeen initiated as well as the location of the alarm.

a person sees a fire and pulls the fire alarm

sense a rise in temperature or the high temperature of a fire

sense vapors of small particles of carbon matter generated by burning,including in-duct smoke detectors.

sense radiation and visible light from a fire

This component uses energy supplied from the fire alarm system or other stored energy source, to inform the proximate persons of the need to take action, usually to evacuate.

These components detect the fire and act as inputs to the fire alarm control unit and are either manually or automatically activated.

pipes is always charged with water,used in the environment where the temperature is unlikely to fall below the freezing point.

pipes are in charged with compression air, used in the place where the ambience temperature is likely to fall below freezing point. when the sprinkler operates, the compression air is released and the control valve opens allowing water to flow into pipes.

Pre-action fire sprinkler systems employ the basic concept of a dry pipe system in that water is not normally contained within the pipes. First, the detection system must identify a developing fire and then open the pre-action valve. These systems require that both a “preceding” fire detection event, typically the activation of a heat or smoke detector, and an automatic sprinkler operation take place prior to the “action” of water introduction into the system's piping. react faster than dry system, and contain no water in pipes.

Pre-action sprinkler systems are specialized for use in locations where accidental activation is undesired. This may be museums, special technology companies, data centers with lots of computers etc.

An alarm valve emits a alarm signal and prevents a reverse flow of water from the installation into the fire-pump room, but in case a fire sprinkler is activated (opened) due to fire, the alarm valve will open and permit water flow into the system.

The valve is designed to initiate an alarm during a sustained flow of water (such as the flow required by an open sprinkler) by operating alarm pressure switch.

The heat resulting from a fire makes the sprinklers bulbs exploding. All air maintained inside the piping system is evacuated. When the air pressure is under the clapper opening pressure, the clapper raises, allowing water to enter the system, including the alarm device. The water motor gong is operating.

Dry Pipe Valve is a latching differential valve used to separate the water supply from the dry pipe sprinkler system. The valve combines a positive latching clapper and air plate assembly, with a differential air to water seat design. The latching clapper and air plate assembly provides a positive mechanical seal for the air pressure in the dry pipe system.

Deluge systems are systems where all sprinklers connected are open. These sprinklers have no sensing element (glass bulb). Deluge systems are used in areas where there is a concern for a rapid fire spread. The open sprinklers will distribute water over the entire area.
The piping is filled with atmospheric pressure and a mechanical activated deluge valve, will open in case of fire, enabling the water to fill the sprinkler pipe. The deluge valve is activated by a signal from a fire alarm system, and remains open once it has been activated.

Deluge Valves are used in conditions that call for quick application of large volumes of water

Deluge Valves are used in conditions that call for quick application of large volumes of water

Deluge systems are systems where all sprinklers connected are open. These sprinklers have no sensing element (glass bulb). Deluge systems are used in areas where there is a concern for a rapid fire spread. The open sprinklers will distribute water over the entire area.
The piping is filled with atmospheric pressure and a mechanical activated deluge valve, will open in case of fire, enabling the water to fill the sprinkler pipe. The deluge valve is activated by a signal from a fire alarm system, and remains open once it has been activated.

Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

General Packet Radio Service

Global System for Mobile Communication

Time-division multiple access

Mobile Switching Center Many BSCs are connected to MSC through A-interface. Routes incoming and outgoing calls and assigns user channels on the A-interface.

Contains moving part of user database,reliefes HLR.

Equipment Identity Register

Transceiver Station

A database which contains user information

When mobile user moves from one Personal communication Service area to another, the system should know about the current user's location

The user is connected by RF link to base station, when mobile station leaves the coverage area of the old base station communication. RF link is moved from old to the new base station.

Network Switching Subsystem

for encryption, authentication, and roaming

Operation Subsystem Operation and maintenance

Gateway Mobile Switching Center Interface to other network and HLR communication capability

Public Switched Telephone Network /PSDN stands for Public Switched Data Network /Integrated Services Digital Network.

Long Term Evolution

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) carries Uplink Control Information (UCI) which is basically bits and pieces of information that eNB requires from UE in order to understand what UE (user equipment) needs and carries other information like channel quality that UE is seeing in downlink.

 Physical Random Access Channel

Mobility Management Entity

Signaling for mobility and session management to provide handover between different eNodeBs from GSM or UMTS

eNOdeB provides handover of active mobile devices and communicates with other eNodeB through X2 interfaces, will provide handover and forwarding to minimize data loss.

It forwards IP packets to Internet. BTS is connected by an IP interface to Serving Gateway or other broadband transport technologies.

BTSs in one area are connected to BSC by Abis-interface.

Mobile termination offers common functions such as: radio transmission and handover, speech encoding and decoding, error detection and correction, signalling and access to the SIM. The IMEI code is attached to the MT. It is equivalent to the network termination of an ISDN access.

• Terminal equipment (TE) is any device connected to the MS offering services to the user. It does not contain any functions specific to GSM.

Terminal adapter (TA) provides access to the MT as if it were an ISDN network termination with extended capabilities. Communication between the TE and MT over the TA takes place using AT commands.

Subscriber identity module is a removable subscriber identification token storing the IMSI, a unique key shared with the mobile network operator and other data.

High-frequency millimeter waves will greatly increase wireless capacity and speeds for future 5G networks. They can't easily travel through objects and they can be absorbed by snow and rain. We need to use small cells.

Massive MIMO could send and receive signals from many users at the same time

To prevent signal drops ISPs will install thousands of these stations in a city for a dense city for a dense network as relay platform, receiving signals from one base station and sending to any location. The antennas on small cells are smaller than traditional antennas, so they can be installed on light poles or on the top of buildings.

Cellar base stations that identifies the most efficient route for data-delivery to a user, and will reduce interference with other users.

Signal is concentrated in a beam that points only in the direction of a user.

Two user's conversation talking at the same time but still will be able to understand each another, that means their conversation could take half time as long and their next discussion could start earlier.

usually used in the electric room. Gaseous fire suppression is a term to describe the use of inert gases and chemical agents to extinguish a fire. Also called clean agent fire suppression. The system typically consists of the agent, agent storage containers, agent release valves, fire detectors, fire detection system (wiring control panel, actuation signaling), agent delivery piping, and agent dispersion nozzles. Less typically, the agent may be delivered by means of solid propellant gas generators that produce either inert or chemically active gas.

EPMS monitor the power service entrance of a building or campus, switchgear, generators, network protectors, switchboards, panel boards, uninterruptible power supplies, emergency power generation and more.

The EPMS monitors the electric loads of major equpment

display units typically connect to multiple monitors of  an electrical load or equipment.

A central operator workstation for the EPMS is usually a personal computer with special application software. It uses data from the system components to analyze the take action regarding power usage in a facility.

POE-- POWER OVER ETHERNET MANAGEMENT.

POE devices essentially enables and disables ports on a network switch

used to save the energy by cut off standby power or " vampire power".incorporating microprocessors, smart power strips allow the strip to sense the electrical current and to monitor and manage the plug load. smart power strips can incorporate meters to provide information to users regarding energy consumption. have an IP Ethernet port allowing managers to monitor,manage and reboot equipment intelligently.

a smart meter identifies consumption in more detail than a conventional and may provide information and data to the consumer directly.

A device that converts direct current into alternative current

A device that detects a physical property and sends a signal to another device

A device that receives a signal and sends a respond to regulate or control another device

A device that transfers heat by using mechanical energy

Piping system used to deliver heat throughout the buiding

A secondary heat exchanger that delivers waste heat into water heater for domestic water system

A distributed antenna system, or DAS, is a network of spatially separated antenna nodes connected to a common source via a transport medium that provides wireless service within a geographic area or structure. DAS antenna elevations are generally at or below the clutterlevel, and node installations are compact. A distributed antenna system may be deployed indoors (an iDAS) or outdoors (an oDAS)

these simply expand or increase the volume of the audio signal to a predetermined sound level

gates block or eliminate audio sound below a certain frequency level

this automatically controls the volume of the signal at a specific frequency level

delay of an audio signal is typically used in large venues where natural sounds can be heard after processed sounds and delay is used to synchronize the two

This is used with digita as opposed to analog audio and video signals

distribution amplifiers take a single audio input, amplify it, and distribute it to multiple audio outputs.

mixers are used in recording and broadcast studios(mixing boards),but can also be part of a public address system ad audio visual systems for large meeting rooms.

to maintain the integrity of the signal and video processing amplifier

involve amplifying or adjusting the timing, color,brightness, or contrast of the signal.

increases the voltage and power for further distribution of the signal before delivery to its destination

a network of chemical compounds called "phosphors" contained between two thin layers of glass. The picture of a plasma screen is bright and rich with color.

LCDs use a fluorescent backlight to send light through liquid crystal molecules

CRTs use a vacuum tube that produces images when a phosphorescent surface is excited

a series of control buttons and switches located on a wall within the room, a wireless device controlling a projector, display of other component , or a touch screen on a computer.

allows a service technician to use a web brower to access and monitor all components of an audio visual system.

ZigBee alliance provides a standard for low cost, low power wirleless embedded networking.

Transmission in both directions but one at at time.

Transmission only in one direction

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephony operators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication.

these are components within th door or door frame allowing the door to be automatically locked or unlocked

RTE device is inside a controlled door and detects a person approaching the door who wants to exit, and allows the person t exit without setting off an alarm

monitoring whether the door is open or closed

Mifare is a trade mark of NXP Semiconductors which refers to the most widely used type of contactless smart cards. this is regarded as a "smart card" technology

use biological information to verify the identity of a person, and involve such measures as fingerprint scans, face scans, retina scans, iris scans, hand structure, voice identification and other method

used to notify security of an emergency

notifies security of a breach to windows

enclosed printed circuit boards with connections to all peripheral devices in their area.

consoidation of  all connections to peripheral devices

provision of power to peripheral devices

management of peripherals when communications to the host computer are absent or when acting in a distributed manner.

Main Distribution Frame

Building Distribution Frame

Intermediate Distribution Facility

Supplemental Distribution Frame

Backbone cabling between an intermediate cross-connect(IC) and the main cross-connect (MC)

Backbone cabling between the horizontal cross-connect (HC) and the intermediate cross-connect (IC)

Device responsible for moving or controlling a mechanism or system

provide a single view

pan/tilt/zoom camera, which provides several views and cna be controlled remotely from a security control center

provide a 360-degree view of an area

a data network server with video management software

A cross connection is a connection scheme between cabling runs, subsystems, and equipment using patch cords or jumpers that attach to connecting hardware on each end; an interconnection is a connection scheme that employs connecting hardware for the direct connection of a cable to another cable or to an equipment cable without a patch cord or jumper.

A horizontal cross-connect is where the horizontal cabling connects to a patch panel or punch up block, which is connected by backbone cabling to the main distribution facility.

The backbone cabling system provides interconnections between telecommunications rooms, equipment rooms, main terminal space, and entrance facilities. It includes backbone cables, intermediate and main cross-connects, mechanical terminations, and patch cords or jumpers used for backbone-to-backbone cross-connections.

Used for Telephone Wire Voice Only. Transmission speed is 1Mbps

10BaseT Ethernet. Transmission speed is 16Mbps

CAT5 100Base T Ethernet. Transmission speed 100Mbps

CAT5e Gigabit Ethernet. Transmission speed 1000Mbps

Address + PDU + Error check

Function code + Data

Automatic mode devices automatically configure themselves, and are intended to be sold to and installed by the end user.

Easy mode devices require basic training to install. Their behaviour is pre-programmed, but has configuration parameters that need to be tailored to the user's requirements.

System mode devices are used in the creation of custom building automation systems. S-mode devices have no default behaviour, and must be programmed and installed by specialist technicians.

Time-division multiplexing (TDM) is a method of transmitting and receiving independent signals over a common signal path by means of synchronized switches at each end of the transmission line so that each signal appears on the line only a fraction of time in an alternating pattern.

PBX, private branch exchanges,a telephone system within an enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines while allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone lines. The main purpose of a PBX is to save the cost of requiring a line for each user to the telephone company's central office.

PBX, private branch exchanges,a telephone system within an enterprise that switches calls between enterprise users on local lines while allowing all users to share a certain number of external phone lines. The main purpose of a PBX is to save the cost of requiring a line for each user to the telephone company's central office.

pico cell systems are small radios, similar to the outdoor cellular base stations, but limited in capacity and power.

A picocell is a small cellular base station typically covering a small area, such as in-building (offices, shopping malls, train stations, stock exchanges, etc.), or more recently in-aircraft. In cellular networks, picocells are typically used to extend coverage to indoor areas where outdoor signals do not reach well, or to add network capacity in areas with very dense phone usage, such as train stations or stadiums. Picocells provide coverage and capacity in areas difficult or expensive to reach using the more traditional macrocellapproach.

The base station controller (BSC) provides, classically, the intelligence behind the BTSs(base transceiver station

Voice over Internet Protocol (also voice over IP , VoIP or IP telephony ) is a methodology and group of technologies for the delivery of voice communications and multimedia sessions over Internet Protocol (IP) networks, such as the Internet .

The public switched telephone network (PSTN) is the aggregate of the world's circuit-switched telephone networks that are operated by national, regional, or local telephonyoperators, providing infrastructure and services for public telecommunication. 

A distributed antenna system , or DAS , is a network of spatially separated antenna nodes connected to a common source via a transport medium that provides wireless service within a geographic area or structure.

A VoIP gateway is a gateway device that uses Internet Protocols to transmit and receive voice communications (VoIP). 

A computer-based system that monitors, controls, and optimizes the mechanical and electrical equipment of a building

Unconfirmed Remote Device Management Services

standard definition TV-This is basically the analog television standard delivered as a digital with three variations of the formats dealing with the number of pixels.the shape of the pixels, and use of interlacing.

enhanced definition TV- EDTV is like SDTV with the main difference being that it uses progressive scanning rather than interlacing. There are nine variations of EDTV dealing with the number and shape of pixels,as well as the aspect ratios,

HDTV offers the highest-quality resolution and uses a 16:9 widscreen aspect ratio only. HDTV has six variations addressing lines of resolution,number of pixels, fram rates, and interlacing.

Metasys® is the world’s leading building automation system. Its advanced technology provides essential instrumentation and control, which saves energy, lowers operational costs and enables productive and secure environments. It provides information to make better building management decisions and save organizations money. The Metasys system architecture is distributed, scalable, open and secure and consists of the following components: equipment controllers, network engines, Application and Data Servers/Extended Application and Data Servers.

Digital Addressable Lighting Interface (DALI) is a trademark for network-based systems that control lighting in building automation. The underlying technology was established by a consortium of lighting equipment manufacturers as a successor for 0-10 V lighting control systems, and as an open standard alternative to Digital Signal Interface (DSI), on which it is based

LonWorks (local operating network) is a networking platform specifically created to address the needs of control applications. The platform is built on a protocol created by Echelon Corporation for networking devices over media such as twisted pair, powerlines, fiber optics, and RF. It is used for the automation of various functions within buildings such as lighting and HVAC; see building automation.

DALI gateways can be used to implement systems that have more than 64 devices. Data is transferred between controller and devices by means of an asynchronous, half-duplex, serial protocol over a two-wire bus, with a fixed data transfer rate of 1200 bit/s.

A two-core twisted pair data cable (bus cable) is the most common communication medium for KNX installations.

Using the existing electricity cables in a building as the KNX communication medium is a cost-effective way of retrofitting a building with KNX. In KNX Powerline (KNX PL) there is no need to lay a dedicated bus cable: the electricity cables already installed (one of the three phases + the neutral wire) themselves become the communication medium. The data signals are superimposed onto the mains voltage.

Radio is always an appropriate KNX communication medium in those situations where it is not possible to lay new cables in the building (e.g. for sensors in inaccessible areas). KNX RF is also particularly suitable for extending existing KNX TP installations. Theoretically KNX RF could allow all technology in a building to be controlled wirelessly, but this will remain the exception rather than the rule.

Ethernet is an open (manufacturer-independent), high-performance, local and wide area network compliant with the international standard IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet). Ethernet is used for local networks, particularly in conjunction with the Internet. Throughout the world there are a wide variety of different network structures.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.

HTTP request

Attached Resource Computer NETwork (ARCNET or ARCnet) is a communications protocol for local area networks. ARCNET was the first widely available networking system for microcomputers; it became popular in the 1980s for office automation tasks. It was later applied to embedded systems where certain features of the protocol are especially useful.

BACnet was designed to allow communication of building automation and control systems for applications such as heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning control (HVAC), lighting control, access control, and fire detection systems and their associated equipment. The BACnet protocol provides mechanisms for computerized building automation devices to exchange information, regardless of the particular building service they perform.

I-Am is only one of the possible Service Choices, used to determine the Device Identifier and Network Address of a BACnet Device

who-is broadcasts a request with the device instance range, and maybe also includes the network and/or address, and triggers an i-am broadcast which provides the device ID and associated IPs along with network and address.

who-has broadcasts a request with either the object name or the object type/instance, and maybe also includes the device instance range, and triggers an i-have broadcast which provides the device ID.

A property's purpose is to allow other BACnet devices to read information about the object containing the property, and potentially write (change) a different value to the property. For each standard BACnet object type, the BACnet standard defines which properties are required and which are optional.

A property's purpose is to allow other BACnet devices to read information about the object containing the property, and potentially write (change) a different value to the property. For each standard BACnet object type, the BACnet standard defines which properties are required and which are optional.

RS-485, also known as TIA-485(-A), EIA-485, is a standard defining the electrical characteristics of drivers and receivers for use in serial communications systems. Electrical signaling is balanced, and multipoint systems are supported.

The electrical signal characteristics such as voltage levels, signaling rate, timing, and slew-rate of signals, voltage withstand level, short-circuit behavior, and maximum load capacitance.

Interface mechanical characteristics, pluggable connectors and pin identification.

Functions of each circuit in the interface connector.

Standard subsets of interface circuits for selected telecom applications.

Modbus enables communication among many devices connected to the same network, for example, a system that measures temperature and humidity and communicates the results to a computer. Modbus is often used to connect a supervisory computer with a remote terminal unit (RTU) in supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems. Many of the data types are named from its use in driving relays: a single-bit physical output is called a coil, and a single-bit physical input is called a discrete input or a contact.

The Neuron core is available as a standalone component called the Neuron Chip. To further reduce device costs, Echelon also provides Neuron cores combined with communication transceivers, which are called Smart Transceivers.

Developers using any of these tools typically also require network integration and

diagnostic tools. A network integration tool is included with the NodeBuilder FX

Development Tool, but the other LONWORKS development tools do not include a

network integration tool.

Multiple media support is made possible by routers. Routers can also be used to control network traffic and partition sections of the network from traffic in another section, increasing the total throughput and capacity of the network.

A network interface is a card or module that is used to connect a host computer—

typically a computer running Microsoft Windows—to a LONWORKS network.

A smart server is a programmable device that combines a controller with a Web

server for local or remote access, LONWORKS network interface, CNP network

manager, legacy-device interface, and optional IP-852 router.

Network tools are software applications built on top of the network operating system for network design, installation, configuration, monitoring, supervisory control, diagnostics, and maintenance.

In a managed network, the network management tool and server allocate various

network resources, such as device and data point addresses. The network

management server is also aware of the network topology, and can configure devices

for optimum performance within the constraints of the topology.

The foundation of the LONWORKS platform is the ISO/IEC 14908-1 Control Network Protocol (CNP). Echelon’s implementation of CNP is called the LonTalk®

protocol.

A device that regulates the flow of fluids

The Open Systems Interconnection model (OSI model) is a conceptual model that characterizes and standardizes the communication functions of a telecommunication or computing system without regard to its underlying internal structure and technology. Its goal is the interoperability of diverse communication systems with standard protocols. The model partitions a communication system into abstraction layers. The original version of the model defined seven layers.

The physical layer defines the electrical and physical specifications of the data connection. It defines the relationship between a device and a physical transmission medium (for example, an electrical cable, an optical fiber cable, or a radio frequency link). This includes the layout of pins, voltages, line impedance, cable specifications, signal timing and similar characteristics for connected devices and frequency (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz etc.) for wireless devices. It is responsible for transmission and reception of unstructured raw data in a physical medium. Bit rate control is done at the physical layer. It may define transmission mode as simplex, half duplex, and full duplex. It defines the network topology as bus, mesh, or ring being some of the most common.

The physical layer is the layer of low-level networking equipment, such as some hubs, cabling, and repeaters. The physical layer is never concerned with protocols or other such higher-layer items. Examples of hardware in this layer are network adapters, repeaters, network hubs, modems, and fiber media converters.

The data link layer provides node-to-node data transfer—a link between two directly connected nodes. It detects and possibly corrects errors that may occur in the physical layer. It defines the protocol to establish and terminate a connection between two physically connected devices. It also defines the protocol for flow control between them.

The network layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable length data sequences (called packets) from one node to another connected in "different networks".

The transport layer provides the functional and procedural means of transferring variable-length data sequences from a source to a destination host, while maintaining the quality of service functions.

The session layer controls the dialogues (connections) between computers. It establishes, manages and terminates the connections between the local and remote application. It provides for full-duplex, half-duplex, or simplex operation, and establishes check pointing, adjournment, termination, and restart procedures. The OSI model made this layer responsible for graceful close of sessions, which is a property of the Transmission Control Protocol, and also for session check pointing and recovery, which is not usually used in the Internet Protocol Suite. The session layer is commonly implemented explicitly in application environments that use remote procedure calls.

The presentation layer establishes context between application-layer entities, in which the application-layer entities may use different syntax and semantics if the presentation service provides a mapping between them. If a mapping is available, presentation protocol data units are encapsulated into session protocol data units and passed down the protocol stack.

The application layer is the OSI layer closest to the end user, which means both the OSI application layer and the user interact directly with the software application. This layer interacts with software applications that implement a communicating component.

The media processors and controllers receive content from the main headend system, locally store the content, and then feed content to the display as directed

excluding the live feeds for system display, the media server stores the content for the digital signage system in a digital format.

This is a PC connected to the network and loaded with the appropriate system software. The software allows the system administrator to create the content, schedule content distribution, configure which media processors and controllers or displays get what content, monitor the system and generate management reports on systems.

act as the media processors and controllers, which receive content from the main headend system, locally store the content, and then feed content to the display as directed

an system combining digital signage, web, Internet TV,  mobile social networking

FMS is overarching system of a smart building that brings together some of the operational management functions of the facility and the building technology systems.

A work order module tracks and monitors all service requests:

tracks people assigned to specific actions;

tracks current status of actionns

tracks when actions are completed

archives work for future reference

An asset management module manages all necessary equipment data including names and models , serial numbers, location, vendor, internal cost center, warranties, performance and documentation.

a material management system tracks material and equipment parts that are moved into and out of inventory and that currently reside in inventory.

procurement management automates nd streamlines the procurement process for vendor services and equipment..

CMMS are comprehensive software applications for a variety of equipment and materials. can be a standalone application or integrated with a software module of a larger FMS.

The Internet Protocol (IP) is the best example of a network layer implementation. IP Provides

Device used to dump electricity when is not needed

Device used to stop flow of electricity for safety reasons

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), one of the major transport protocols, is typically used with the best-known network layer protocol, IP, and both are referred to together as TCP/IP.

A load balancer is a device that acts as a reverse proxy and distributes network or application traffic across a number of servers. Load balancers are used to increase capacity (concurrent users) and reliability of applications.

Variable Speed Drive  adjustable speed drives, are large industrial electric motors whose speed can be adjusted by means of an external controller. They are used in process control and help saving energy in plants that use many powerful electric motors.

Bluetooth beacons are small form-factor devices consisting of a radio transmitter and a battery in a tough enclosure.They are a class of Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) devices that periodically broadcast their identifier;

one or more floor plans or maps are uploaded to the dashboard. Register each Blue tooth beacon identifier via the dashboard, and configure the system to receive data uploads from the BLE nodes

application programming interface 

Wi-Fi positioning system (WPS) is used where GPS is inadequate.The localization technique used for positioning with wireless access points is based on measuring the intensity of the received signal ( received signal strength in English RSS) and the method of "fingerprinting".

Wi-Fi positioning system (WPS) is used where GPS is inadequate. The localization technique used for positioning with wireless access points is based on measuring the intensity of the received signal (received signal strength in English RSS) and the method of "fingerprinting". Typical parameters useful to geolocate the WiFi hotspot or wireless access point include the SSID and the MAC address of the access point. The accuracy depends on the number of positions that have been entered into the database. 

Each Wi-Fi access point, whether customer hotspot, router or Internet-capable point of sale system, transmits specific data. Using a RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indication) and MAC address (Media Access Control), an app can calculate the current location of the end user device (client-based positioning). This requires a database with information about the locations with which this data can be compared. This method is called fingerprinting. It only functions with Android devices due to technical restrictions. iOS devices cannot be used for Wi-Fi indoor navigation.

Existing Localization techniques:

1.RSSI and lateration based

RSSI localization techniques are based on measuring signal strength from a client device to several different access points, and then combining this information with a propagation model to determine the distance between the client device and the access points. Trilateration (sometimes called multilateration) techniques can be used to calculate the estimated client device position relative to the known position of access points.

Though one of the cheapest and easiest methods to implement, its disadvantage is that it does not provide very good accuracy (median of 2-4m), because the RSSI measurements tend to fluctuate according to changes in the environment or multipath fading.

2.fingerprinting based

Traditional fingerprinting is also RSSI-based, but it simply relies on the recording of the signal strength from several access points in range and storing this information in a database along with the known coordinates of the client device in an offline phase. This information can be deterministic or probabilistic.During the online tracking phase, the current RSSI vector at an unknown location is compared to those stored in the fingerprint and the closest match is returned as the estimated user location. Such systems may provide a median accuracy of 0.6m and tail accuracy of 1.3m

Its main disadvantage is that any changes of the environment such as adding or removing furniture or buildings may change the "fingerprint" that corresponds to each location, requiring an update to the fingerprint database. However, the integration with other sensor such as camera can be used in order to deal with changing environment.

Accurancy of WPS

Wi-Fi: Accuracy is 5-15 meters - less than with Bluetooth Low Energy.

Accuracy depends on multiple factors, for example the number of available networks, reflections for example in corridors and last but not least shielding through walls, ceilings and your own body. The accuracy of Wi-Fi used for indoor positioning varies from five to 15 meters – depending on the preconditions. Sensor fusion – this means the use of smartphone sensors – can even improve accuracy. A big advantage compared to GPS is that it is possible to determine the current floor level.

Pros:

• indoor positioning works without GPS
• existing Wi-Fi infrastructure can be used
• enabled Wi-Fi is sufficient
• there is a back channel to the client
• large range (up to 150m)
• detects floor level

Cons:

• relatively inaccurate (5-15m) compared to BLE/RFID
• Wi-Fi client based positioning is not possible with iOS devices – but BLE can be used as an alternative
• application required

Application areas of WPS;

Indoor navigation using Wi-Fi makes sense when Wi-Fi has to replace GPS in buildings. For example in complex infrastructures such as shopping malls, exhibition halls, railway stations, airports, hospitals, museums, office and industry buildings. An indoor navigation app improves visitor service and enables analyzing visitor flows. It is not suitable, if you have many iOS users among your audience. 

smart readiness indicator

An Intrusion Prevention System (IPS) is a network security/threat prevention technology that examines network traffic flows to detect and prevent vulnerability exploits.

A VPN connection is the extension of a private network that includes links across shared or public networks, such as the Internet. VPN connections (VPNs) enable organizations to send data between two computers across the Internet in a manner that emulates the properties of a point-to-point private link.

A firewall is a network security system that monitors and controls incoming and outgoing network traffic based on predetermined security rules.

A security domain is the determining factor in the classification of an enclave of servers/computers. A network with a different security domain is kept separate from other networks.

A public key infrastructure (PKI) is a set of roles, policies, and procedures needed to create, manage, distribute, use, store, and revoke digital certificates and manage public-key encryption. The purpose of a PKI is to facilitate the secure electronic transfer of information for a range of network activities such as e-commerce, internet banking and confidential email. It is required for activities where simple passwords are an inadequate authentication method and more rigorous proof is required to confirm the identity of the parties involved in the communication and to validate the information being transferred

In computer networking, network traffic control is the process of managing, controlling or reducing the network traffic, particularly Internet bandwidth, e.g. by the network scheduler. It is used by network administrators, to reduce congestion, latency and packet loss. This is part of bandwidth management.

Disaster recovery (DR) involves a set of policies, tools and procedures to enable the recovery or continuation of vital technology infrastructure and systems following a natural or human-induced disaster. Disaster recovery focuses on the IT or technology systems supporting critical business functions,^[1] as opposed to business continuity, which involves keeping all essential aspects of a business functioning despite significant disruptive events. Disaster recovery can therefore be considered as a subset of business continuity.

Individual parking space sensors that gather and transmits information for management, payment and compliance monitoring.

Primarily magnetic technology in every in-ground vehicle detection sensor. some sensors with infrared technology

Cameras for detecting the presence of vehicles on individual stalls.The images are acquired and immediately converted into data (free / busy), through the use of algorithm,The images are not recorded , but eliminated . What remains is only the data relating to the parking status

Comfort refers to conscious and unconscious perception of the physical environment, including thermal comfort, acoustic comfort and visual performance (e.g. provision of sufficient lighting levels without glare).

Convenience of the occupants refers to the extent to which services “make the life easier” for the occupant, e.g. by requiring fewer manual interactions to control technical building systems.

Functional comfort relates to the suitability of work environments for work tasks: disturbances and distractions, interruptions, distances between work colleagues, supervisors, colleagues, resources and functional areas

Physical comfort refers primarily to biological responses and body dimensions: protection and security, light and illumination, indoor air quality, climate, noise, and ergonomics.

Psychological comfort refers to individual and interpersonal space-related needs: social and spatial variables (privacy, crowding, territoriality, status and control over the environment)

A fuel cell is an electrochemical device that uses hydrogen and oxygen to produce DC electricity, with water and heat as byproducts. Although similar to batteries, fuel cells are different in that they require a continual replenishment of the reactants (hydrogen and oxygen).

A typical fuel cell element consists of a cathode and anode separated by an electrolytic membrane material. As hydrogen gas flows across the anode, electrons are stripped from the hydrogen and flow through an external circuit, reentering the fuel cell at the cathode. At the same time, positively charged hydrogen ions migrate across the membrane to the cathode, where they combine with oxygen and the returning electrons to form water and heat.

Uninterruptible Power Supply: an electrical device that provides stable and reliable power, even during fluctuations or failures of the primary power source. UPS is used to maintain the operation of critical loads, such as computer systems and medical equipment, during short fluctuations in the primary power.

typically used for small applications (less than 600 V). This UPS design is also known as "off-line" UPS because under normal conditions it passes the utility power through to the output side and the inverter does not operate. High efficiency, small size, and low cost are the main benefits of the design. However, it will switch over completely to the backup power for nearly any power quality problem, which can quickly drain the battery.

It include a transformer and an inverter. the variable transformer automatically adjusts the secondary winding taps as the input voltage varies. This voltage regulation feature allows the UPS to adapt to a wide range of high and low voltage conditions without switching completely to the backup power. This extends the UPS and its battery useful life. High efficiency, small size, low cost, high reliability, and the ability to correct low or high line voltage makes this UPS type dominant for the 0.5 KVA - 5 KVA range of devices.

One of the oldest UPS designs, and it include a motor-generator combination. the motor-generator combination runs all the time, and it runs on the battery of the line voltage fails. This UPS provides power backup with high quality, but its many moving parts increase the maintenance cost. So, it is common for large installations of power demand more than 200 kVA.

It is similar to the Rotary UPS, but it involves an electronic inverter instead of the motor-generator combination. The double conversion process provides excellent regulation of the output voltage, but its efficiency is somewhat lower than the other UPS designs. Rotary UPS is most common for systems of 5 kVA or larger.

It is the most recent UPS design. It includes a circuit similar to the Double-Conversion Online UPS, but it supplements the input instead of processing all the incoming input power. It provides excellent voltage regulation and high efficiency, but it can not provide frequency conversion. It is common for systems 5 kVA or larger.

Sensors that measure different aspects of the electrical systems using either digital or analog signals. Digital signal sensor can be used for sensing if there is a voltage or not, while an analog signal sensor would provide the voltage value.

used to measure the electrical consumption in watt-hour

This sensor can be designed to measure different power quality parameters, like voltage, current, frequency, harmonics, noise, and unbalance. Most frequency sensors have digital ON/OFF output, as it is important to know if the frequency is within acceptable range or not, rather than knowing the exact frequency value.

These are the old traditional electrical meters, which work similar to motors to measure the power demand through the revolutions count.

These meters have become the norm and have been used to replace the electromechanical meters. They use voltage transformers and microprocessors to measure, process and record the consumption data. The recorded data include: peak power demand, power factor, reactive energy, time-of-use consumption, or exported energy from renewable sources.

A pulse meter is a type of electronic meter, which is commonly used in submetering and demand response application.

The relay contacts are held in position using a constant application of a control voltage, which consumes continuous power.

Relay contacts are opened or closed using a latching mechanism without the need for constant voltage. This is why they are more energy efficient than the electrically-held relays.

It is a heavy-duty relay for switching circuits with high-power loads, by using contacts made from pure silver to resist oxidization from the arcing of switching high currents.

It is a specialized type of contactor for switching electrical 3-phase power to a motor. It is equipped with a heater unit that responds to the heat of the current flow and opens the load circuit contact in case of excessive heat.

It is a motor controller that is used to change the speed of AC motors by changing the frequency of the supply voltage. This is done by converting the incoming AC to DC and then inverting it back to AC with the desired frequency. In addition to controlling the speed, variable frequency drives can control motor acceleration time, deceleration time, motor torque, and motor braking.

It is used to allow an electrical system to be switched between 2 power sources. It can be manual or automatic. Automatic transfer switch transfers the input power from the primary source to the secondary source when the input voltage drops below a certain level. Automatic transfer switch can also detect when a secondary power is ready to provide power after a startup period, like generators.

OTT completely disconnects the primary power before connecting the secondary power. This is called "break-before-make" transfer. This causes interruption in the power input, which can last from a fraction of a second to multiple seconds. During this period, the system loads can be supported by power from a UPS.

CTT creates a smooth transition between the primary and secondary power sources by slightly overlapping the two power sources. This is called the "make-before-break" transfer by synchronizing the frequency and phase of the two power sources before making the source transfer.

PLT is very similar to closed-transition transfer, but it parallels the power sources for a longer time. It is used more in large applications where multiple generators are paralleled for peak shaving or co-generation with the utility.

It is a special type of relay that manages power transfer in the case of distributed generation, where electricity is exported and imported between a local power supply and the utility grid. This relay includes sensors for voltage, current, frequency, direction of power flow, and other parameters.

Acknowledgement

Asynchronous Connectionless

Advanced Encryption Standard

provide warm or cool air to different parts of a building, using chilled water to cool the air or steam or hot water to heat the air.

3-bit

Basic service sets are units of devices operating with the same medium access characteristics

there is a glassball in the sprinkler. When the temperature gets higher, the glassball breaks, and the sprinkler start to work.

By using consolidation point s or Multi-User Telecommunications Outlet assemblies (MUTOAs), a system designer can provide a location within the horizontal cabling, close to the office space, that keeps reconfiguration of cabling close to the work area.

The ANSI/TIA/EIA-568-B.1 (‘568-B.1) Commercial Building Telecommuni-cations Cabling Standard defines a consolidation point as: A location for interconnection between horizontal cables extending from building pathways and horizontal cables extending into furniture pathways. The standard goes on to explain that only one consolidation point may be used within any horizontal cabling run and that it should be at least 15m (49 ft) from the telecommunications room. The consolidation point should be installed in an area that is easily accessible by technicians. Consolidation points are often located within a lockable enclosure.

A consolidation point (CP) is a piece of connecting hardware allowing interconnection between the permanently installed horizontal cables extending from the floor distributor (patch panel) and the movable horizontal cables extending to the telecommunications outlets (TOs).

 Clear to Send

Link Control Adaptation Protocol

they limit the amplitude of the sound, restricting thevolume to a predetermined setting

Encode and decode bluetooth package from data

consisting of personal computers or multiple PCs connected via an Ethernet network.

no glass ball to control. As long as there is water in pipes, the sprinklers start to work.

A relay is an electrical switch that is actuated by a separate electrical circuit. It allows a low-voltage control circuit to open or close contacts in a higher voltage load circuit. Many relays are electromechanical types, but some are completely solid state, using no moving parts. Relays are common for switching lights circuits and HVAC package units, as well as sharing ON/OFF information between controllers.

Request to Send

Synchronous Connection-Oriented

A solenoid is a device that converts electrical energy into a linear mechanical force. It is typical used in quick-acting valves and for locking and unlocking doors.

The system-level or building-level controllers are networked back to the management level

This room contains the telecommunications equipment that connects the backbone cabling and horizontal cabling subsystems.

Time Division Multiplexing

provide air at a constant temperature and regulate the ro0m temperature by changing the flow rate of the air into the room

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) and Wi-Fi Protected Access II

X10 was developed in 1975 by Pico Electronics of Glenrothes, Scotland, in order to allow remote control of home devices and appliances. It was the first general purpose domotic network technology and remains the most widely available.

Household electrical wiring which powers lights and appliances is used to send digital data between X10 devices. This data is encoded onto a 120 kHz carrier which is transmitted as bursts during the relatively quiet zero crossings of the 50 or 60 Hz AC alternating current waveform. One bit is transmitted at each zero crossing.

Whether using power line or radio communications, packets transmitted using the X10 control protocol consist of a four bit house code followed by one or more four bit unit codes, finally followed by a four bit command. For the convenience of users configuring a system, the four bit house code is selected as a letter from A through P while the four bit unit code is a number 1 through 16.

X10 controller ranges from extremely simple to very sophisticated. The simplest X10 Controller is arranged to control four X10 Device Module(s) at four sequential addresses (1–4 or 5–8). More sophisticated X10 controller(s) can control more units and/or incorporate timers that perform preprogrammed functions at specific times each day. nits are also available that use passive infrared motion detectors or photocells to turn lights on and off based on external conditions. Finally, very sophisticated units are available that can be fully programmed or, like the X10 Firecracker, use a program running in an external computer. These systems can execute many different timed events, respond to external sensors, and execute, with the press of a single button, an entire scene, turning lights on, establishing brightness levels, and so on.

X10 hardware includes X10 device module, X10 controller, and X10 Bridge.

A hydraulic HVAC system is a system that dis-tributes water or steam throughout a building as the heat-transfer medium for heating and cooling systems. Hydraulic HVAC systems use pipes, valves, and pumps to distribute water throughout the building.

A typical heating element is usually a coil, ribbon (straight or corrugated), or strip of wire that gives off heat much like a lamp filament.

A device that removes heat from a liquid via a vapor-compression or absorption refrigeration cycle. This cooled liquid flows through pipes in a building and passes through coils in air handlers, fan-coil units, or other systems, cooling and usually dehumidifying the air in the building.

Filtered Supply Fans are belt driven centrifugal fans that are designed to provide filtered outside air to buildings such as manufacturing plants, warehouses and auditoriums.  

The exhaust fan is sized to handle 100% of the return air pressure drop, which consists of the return duct, exhaust duct and relief damper when the unit is in full economizer mode.

A damper is a valve or plate that stops or regulates the flow of air inside a duct, chimney, VAV box, air handler, or other air-handling equipment.

Terminal unit that is often composed of only a blower and a heating and/or cooling coil, as is often used in hotels, condominiums, or apartments. Abbreviated FCU. flow. A transfer of fluid volume per unit time.

A cooling tower is heat removal device that uses water to transfer process waste heat into the atmosphere.  

An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-form/vapor. The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the targeted substance in that process.

An expansion valve (often abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve) is a component in refrigeration and air conditioning systems that controls the amount of refrigerant released into the evaporator thereby keeping superheat.

Centralized lighting control is a lighting system that controls lights throughout a building via one main control panel. The lighting branch circuits are not directly connected to any type of operator interface control devices, such as switches or dimmers. Instead, all lighting branch circuits are wired to a central control panel.

A distributed lighting control system provides the advantages of centralized control without having a central controller or control panel. Distributed lighting control is a lighting system that controls lights directly from local control devices.

In the open-loop method, the light-level sensor views daylight directly and does not sense light from the artificial lighting system.

In the closed-loop method, the light-level sensor views an area of the room that represents the overall lighting level from all sources, including artificial light and daylight.